Explanation: Cow’s milk is a nutritionally rich food containing proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. It is particularly rich in B-group vitamins, especially Vitamin B₂ (Riboflavin) and Vitamin B₁₂ (Cobalamin). These vitamins play crucial roles in maintaining healthy skin, eyesight, and the nervous system, as well as aiding in the formation of red blood cells.

Note: While milk provides moderate amounts of Vitamin A and D, the natural content of Vitamin D is low, and milk is often fortified with Vitamin D to enhance its nutritional value.

Explanation: Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the photoelectric effect, not for his famous theory of relativity. In the photoelectric effect, when light of a certain frequency falls on a metal surface, it emits electrons. Einstein explained this phenomenon by proposing that light is made up of discrete packets of energy called photons. The energy of each photon is given by E = hν, where h is Planck’s constant and ν is the frequency of light. This discovery laid the foundation for quantum physics and modern electronics.

Silver is the best conductor of heat among the given options. It efficiently transfers heat due to the presence of free electrons that move easily within its metallic structure. Because of this property, silver is used in high-quality thermal equipment and electrical contacts.

• Mercury: A metal but conducts heat less effectively than silver.
• Leather and Benzene: Poor conductors of heat (insulators).

Explanation: An endoscope works on the principle of total internal reflection of light. It uses optical fibers to transmit light into the body and carry the reflected image back to the observer. This allows physicians to view internal organs without surgery.

John McCarthy is regarded as the father of Artificial Intelligence (AI). He coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” in 1956 during the Dartmouth Conference, which is considered the founding event of AI as a research field. McCarthy also developed the LISP programming language, one of the earliest languages used for AI programming. His contributions laid the foundation for modern AI research, machine learning, and robotics.

Other options (for context)

• Charles Babbage: Known as the “Father of the Computer” for designing the Analytical Engine.
• Lee De Forest: Invented the triode vacuum tube, which advanced early electronics.
• J. P. Eckert: Co-inventor of ENIAC, one of the first electronic general-purpose computers.

Explanation: Alcohols are organic compounds composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). They are characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups attached to a carbon atom. The general formula of alcohols is C_nH_2n+1OH. A common example is ethanol (C₂H₅OH), which is used in beverages, fuels, and sanitizers. The -OH group makes alcohols polar, soluble in water (especially lower alcohols), and reactive in many organic reactions.