Explanation: Every computer connected to the Internet is identified by a unique numerical label called an IP Address (Internet Protocol Address). It consists of four numeric parts separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1) and is used to locate and communicate with devices over the network.

The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. Signed in 1971 at Ramsar, Iran, it aims to preserve wetlands as habitats for biodiversity, especially for migratory birds. It promotes wise use of wetland ecosystems through local and national actions.

• Mountain: Conserved under other ecological programs.
• Grassland: Managed under terrestrial biodiversity initiatives.
• Forest: Covered under the UN Forest Forum, not Ramsar.

Explanation: Tuberculosis (TB) is not a viral disease; it is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In contrast, Polio, Swine flu, and Hepatitis are viral diseases caused by different types of viruses.

Explanation: Windows XP is an operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft. An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides services for running application programs. Windows XP, released in 2001, was one of the most popular OS versions used for both personal and business computers. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI), multitasking, and file management capabilities.

Explanation: The heart is enclosed in a double-layered protective membrane called the pericardium. The outer fibrous layer protects the heart and anchors it within the chest cavity, while the inner serous layer secretes pericardial fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats. This fluid-filled sac ensures smooth and cushioned movement of the heart as it contracts and relaxes continuously.

Explanation: During photosynthesis, green plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂). The oxygen gas released in this process comes specifically from the splitting of water molecules — a reaction known as photolysis of water, which occurs in the light-dependent reaction inside the chloroplasts.

Chemical equation:

6CO₂ + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O

The oxygen atoms in the released O₂ come entirely from the original water molecules, as demonstrated by isotopic experiments using heavy oxygen (O¹⁸) tracers.

Explanation: Oncology is a branch of medical science that focuses on the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancers and tumours. The term is derived from the Greek word “onkos” meaning mass or tumour. A specialist in this field is called an Oncologist.

Major Branches of Oncology:

• Medical Oncology: Treatment using chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
• Surgical Oncology: Removal of tumours through surgery.
• Radiation Oncology: Treatment of cancer using radiation therapy.

Common Cancers Studied in Oncology: Lung cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, leukemia (blood cancer), and prostate cancer.

Explanation: Dakshin Gangotri is India’s first scientific research station established in Antarctica in 1983–84. It was set up by the Indian Antarctic Programme under the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR). Located about 2,500 km from the South Pole, it served as a base for scientific studies related to glaciology, meteorology, and environmental sciences. Though it is now buried under ice and functions as a supply base, it marked India’s permanent presence in Antarctica. Later stations include Maitri (1989) and Bharati (2012).