John McCarthy is regarded as the father of Artificial Intelligence (AI). He coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” in 1956 during the Dartmouth Conference, which is considered the founding event of AI as a research field. McCarthy also developed the LISP programming language, one of the earliest languages used for AI programming. His contributions laid the foundation for modern AI research, machine learning, and robotics.

Other options (for context)

• Charles Babbage: Known as the “Father of the Computer” for designing the Analytical Engine.
• Lee De Forest: Invented the triode vacuum tube, which advanced early electronics.
• J. P. Eckert: Co-inventor of ENIAC, one of the first electronic general-purpose computers.

Explanation: When a ship floats on water, it displaces a volume of water whose mass is equal to the mass of the ship. This is in accordance with Archimedes’ Principle, which states that an object floats when the buoyant force (equal to the weight of displaced fluid) balances its own weight.

Explanation: PROLOG (Programming in Logic) is a high-level programming language widely used in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and computational linguistics. It is based on formal logic and is especially useful for solving problems involving pattern matching, rule-based reasoning, and natural language processing.

Explanation: Mesons are subatomic particles found in cosmic rays. They are unstable particles composed of one quark and one antiquark, making them part of the hadron family. Mesons are produced when high-energy cosmic rays from outer space collide with atoms in the Earth's atmosphere. These collisions generate a variety of secondary particles, including pions and kaons (types of mesons). Mesons have very short lifespans and quickly decay into other particles such as muons and neutrinos.

Explanation: AIDS, Hepatitis, and Typhoid fever are all diseases that can be spread by human beings. While AIDS and Hepatitis are viral diseases and Typhoid is a bacterial disease, all three are transmitted through contact with infected individuals or their body fluids, making human-to-human transmission common.

Graphite is used in pencils. It is a soft form of carbon that leaves a dark mark on paper due to its layered structure, where carbon atoms are arranged in sheets that slide easily over each other. Though commonly called “lead,” pencils actually contain graphite mixed with clay to adjust hardness.

• Silicon: Used in electronics, not pencils.
• Charcoal: Used in art drawing but not regular pencils.
• Phosphorous: Used in safety matches and fertilizers, not pencils.